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<h2 class="title">
<a id="_indexing_employee_documents"></a>索引员工文档<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/010_Intro/25_Tutorial_Indexing.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h2>
</div></div></div>
<p>第一个业务需求是存储员工数据。 这将会以 <em>员工文档</em> 的形式存储：一个文档代表一个员工。存储数据到 Elasticsearch 的行为叫做 <em>索引</em> ，但在索引一个文档之前，需要确定将文档存储在哪里。</p>
<p>一个 Elasticsearch 集群可以 包含多个 <em>索引</em> ，相应的每个索引可以包含多个 <em>类型</em> 。 这些不同的类型存储着多个 <em>文档</em> ，每个文档又有  多个 <em>属性</em> 。</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<p class="title"><strong>Index Versus Index Versus Index</strong></p>
</div></div></div>
<p>你也许已经注意到 <em>索引</em> 这个词在 Elasticsearch 语境中有多种含义，  这里有必要做一些说明：</p>
<p>索引（名词）：</p>
<p>如前所述，一个 <em>索引</em> 类似于传统关系数据库中的一个 <em>数据库</em> ，是一个存储关系型文档的地方。 <em>索引</em> (<em>index</em>) 的复数词为 <em>indices</em> 或 <em>indexes</em> 。</p>
<p>索引（动词）：</p>
<p><em>索引一个文档</em> 就是存储一个文档到一个 <em>索引</em> （名词）中以便被检索和查询。这非常类似于 SQL 语句中的 <code class="literal">INSERT</code> 关键词，除了文档已存在时，新文档会替换旧文档情况之外。</p>
<p>倒排索引：</p>
<p>关系型数据库通过增加一个 <em>索引</em> 比如一个 B树（B-tree）索引  到指定的列上，以便提升数据检索速度。Elasticsearch 和 Lucene 使用了一个叫做  <em>倒排索引</em> 的结构来达到相同的目的。</p>
<p>+
默认的，一个文档中的每一个属性都是 <em>被索引</em> 的（有一个倒排索引）和可搜索的。一个没有倒排索引的属性是不能被搜索到的。我们将在 <a class="xref" href="inverted-index.html" title="倒排索引">倒排索引</a> 讨论倒排索引的更多细节。</p>
</div>
<p>对于员工目录，我们将做如下操作：</p>
<div class="ulist itemizedlist">
<ul class="itemizedlist">
<li class="listitem">
每个员工索引一个文档，文档包含该员工的所有信息。
</li>
<li class="listitem">
每个文档都将是 <code class="literal">employee</code> <em>类型</em> 。
</li>
<li class="listitem">
该类型位于 <em>索引</em> <code class="literal">megacorp</code> 内。
</li>
<li class="listitem">
该索引保存在我们的 Elasticsearch 集群中。
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>实践中这非常简单（尽管看起来有很多步骤），我们可以通过一条命令完成所有这些动作：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">PUT /megacorp/employee/1
{
    "first_name" : "John",
    "last_name" :  "Smith",
    "age" :        25,
    "about" :      "I love to go rock climbing",
    "interests": [ "sports", "music" ]
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/010_Intro/25_Index.json"></div>
<p>注意，路径 <code class="literal">/megacorp/employee/1</code> 包含了三部分的信息：</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">megacorp</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
索引名称
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">employee</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
类型名称
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">
<code class="literal">1</code>
</span>
</dt>
<dd>
特定雇员的ID
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>请求体 —— JSON 文档 —— 包含了这位员工的所有详细信息，他的名字叫 John Smith ，今年 25 岁，喜欢攀岩。</p>
<p>很简单！无需进行执行管理任务，如创建一个索引或指定每个属性的数据类型之类的，可以直接只索引一个文档。Elasticsearch 默认地完成其他一切，因此所有必需的管理任务都在后台使用默认设置完成。</p>
<p>进行下一步前，让我们增加更多的员工信息到目录中：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">PUT /megacorp/employee/2
{
    "first_name" :  "Jane",
    "last_name" :   "Smith",
    "age" :         32,
    "about" :       "I like to collect rock albums",
    "interests":  [ "music" ]
}

PUT /megacorp/employee/3
{
    "first_name" :  "Douglas",
    "last_name" :   "Fir",
    "age" :         35,
    "about":        "I like to build cabinets",
    "interests":  [ "forestry" ]
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/010_Intro/25_Index.json"></div>
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